Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing the ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015–2030)’. How is this framework different from the ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’? (UPSC 2018, 15 Marks, )

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Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a critical aspect of India's development strategy, aiming to mitigate the impact of natural and man-made disasters. The Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) marked a significant shift in global disaster management strategies, succeeding the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005). India, being a signatory to the Sendai Framework, has implemented various measures to enhance disaster resilience.

Comparing the Measures in India before and after the ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015) for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Aspect	Before Sendai Framework (Pre-2015)	After Sendai Framework (Post-2015)
Policy Framework	Less comprehensive and integrated DRR policies	Adoption of the Sendai Framework with a focus on integration, coherence, and comprehensive policies
Objectives	Emphasis on response and recovery	Shift towards a more proactive approach with a focus on risk reduction and resilience-building
Risk Assessment	Limited emphasis on systematic risk assessments	Increased emphasis on systematic and science-based risk assessments, involving various stakeholders
Community Involvement	Limited community participation in DRR planning and execution	Increased efforts to involve communities in risk reduction and preparedness activities, recognizing local knowledge and resilience
Early Warning Systems	Basic early warning systems	Strengthening and expansion of early warning systems, including technological advancements and community-based systems
Infrastructure Resilience	Limited focus on building resilient infrastructure	Increased emphasis on resilient infrastructure development, considering climate change impacts and disaster risk reduction measures
International Collaboration	Limited international collaboration and coordination	Active participation in international collaboration, sharing best practices, and contributing to global DRR efforts

'Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) vs 'Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005'

Aspect	Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)	Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005
Objective	Emphasizes the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, and health.	Focused on building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.
Time Period	Covers the years 2015-2030.	Encompassed the period 2005-2015.
Scope	Broader in scope, addressing various aspects of disaster risk reduction (DRR) beyond natural disasters.	Primarily focused on natural disasters and their impact on sustainable development.
Priority Areas	Identifies four priority areas: understanding disaster risk, strengthening governance in DRR, investing in DRR for resilience, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response.	Had five priority areas: ensure that DRR is a national priority, identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks, use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience, reduce the underlying risk factors, and strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response.
Global Targets	Includes seven global targets to measure progress in reducing disaster risk.	Featured five priorities for action but did not explicitly define global targets.
Integration with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)	Aligns with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and acknowledges the interlinkages between DRR and sustainable development.	Recognizes the connection between disaster risk reduction and sustainable development but does not explicitly align with specific SDGs.
Inclusivity and Participation	Emphasizes the importance of the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including communities, and the integration of gender perspectives.	Acknowledges the role of communities and stakeholders but does not explicitly highlight gender perspectives and inclusivity.

India's journey in disaster risk reduction has evolved significantly with the transition from the Hyogo Framework to the Sendai Framework. The shift towards a more holistic and inclusive approach reflects a global commitment to building resilience and reducing the impact of disasters on communities and economies. As India continues to implement these measures, the focus remains on creating a safer and more sustainable future.